When people are pushed to live consistently with their worldview assumptions, all kinds of revelations come to light. Toni Vernelli was sterilized at age 27 to “reduce her carbon footprint” and “protect the planet.”[1] If pressed, I wonder if Vernelli would decry antibiotics to keep people from dying from disease and peace talks to avert war. While I am saddened that she will never experience the joys of having a child, I am thankful that her “genetic footprint” stops with her. In fact, it might not be a bad thing to encourage more environmental extremists to go under the knife.

Some French towns are encouraged that the horse is making a comeback. The hope is that horse travel will lessen pollution.

“French towns worried about fuel prices, pollution and striking transport workers need look no further than the horse. Horses are a possible alternative for vehicles such as school buses and refuse trucks, say groups eager to pick up on global concerns about eco-friendly transport.”[2]

Although the following was written in 1977, its conclusions are equally valid today. Are these people nuts? Do they have any idea what life was like when the mode of transportation was by horse-drawn carriage?

In some respects, the car—often identified by the ecolobby as the chief villain of growth—has led to less pollution, since a 1972 United States study shows that the average-size car emits 6 grammes of pollutants per mile, while a horse emits 600 grammes of solid and 300 grammes of liquid pollutants per mile.[3]

Horses are constantly expelling pollutants, even when at rest. Most of us drive our cars to work where they sit for eight or more hours.

Great pains are being taken to rid our air of exhaust pollutants. This is certainly a good thing. But compared to the donkey and horse, the animals Jesus and Paul rode (Matt. 21:7; Acts 9:4), the automobile is a non­polluter. Dixy Lee Ray recalls that as a child, the world in which most Americans lived “was a very smelly place. The prevailing odors were of horse manure, human sweat, and unwashed bodies. A daily shower was unknown; at most there was the Saturday night bath.”[4] Indoor plumbing was a luxury. Only a few main streets were paved, usually with cobblestone or brick. Automobiles were few and far between. Long-distance travel was by rail. Refrigeration was unheard of. If you wanted to get around, you had to have literal horse power and the pollution that went with it.

Sanitary experts in the early part of the twentieth century agreed that the normal city horse produced between fifteen and thirty pounds of manure a day, with the average being something like twenty­two pounds. In a city like Milwaukee in 1907, for instance, with a human population of 350,000 and a horse population of 12,500, this meant 133 tons of manure a day, for a daily average of nearly three­quarters of a pound of manure per person per day. Or, as the health officials in Rochester calculated in 1900, the 15,000 horses in that city produced enough manure in a year to make a pile covering an acre of ground 175 feet high and breeding sixteen billion flies.[5]

The horse population of Chicago was 83,000, and this was after the automobile and electric streetcar had caused a decline in the number of urban horses. In 1880, the cities of New York and Brooklyn had a combined horse population somewhere between 150,000 and 175,000. As one can imagine, keeping the streets clean was a major problem. Some suggested that epidemics of cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, and typhoid were caused by “‘a combination of certain atmospheric conditions and putrefying filth,’ among which horse manure was a chief offender.”[6]

The cost of keeping the streets clean was expensive. Some cities tried to recoup the cost by selling the manure for fertilizer. This caused another unforseen problem since collecting manure was more profitable than collecting regular trash. Daily refuse often remained in the streets along with the leftover manure. What they wouldn’t have given for a garbage truck and a landfill back then.

Streets turned into cesspools during inclement weather. Women with long skirts suffered the worst of it. Dodging street cleaners was another hazard. There was no relief during the summer when people had to endure breathing pulverized horse manure. Modernized roads were of little help. “The paving of streets accelerated this problem, as wheels and hoofs ground the sun­dried manure against the hard surfaces and amplified the amount of dust.”[7] And there was the problem that the Atlantic Monthly described in 1886 to the theater-going public in New York City as “dead horses and vehicular entanglements.”

The next time someone insists that we would do better by scrapping modern technology and buying horses or donkeys, you can paint a picture of what life was like in the streets before Henry Ford’s “horseless carriage.” The next wave of invention will come and provide solutions to today’s technological problems. Biodiesel, an 80–20 blend of diesel and vegetable oil, is being experimented with in school buses.[8] Coal is being used to create a liquid fuel so clear “you’d swear it was water.”[9] It’ technological challenges that spark inventive genius. If innovation is always going to be challenged because of the inevitability of downside issues, we might as well curl up in a ball and die.

Footnotes:
[1] Natasha Courtenay-Smith and Morag Turner, “Meet the women who won’t have babies—because they’re not eco friendly,” (November 21, 2007).**
[2]** Brian Rohan, “Horses pitched as alternative transport for France,” Reuters (November 21, 2007):**
[3]** Paul Johnson, Enemies of Society (New York: Atheneum, 1977), 91–92.**
[4]** Dixy Lee Ray with Lou Guzzo, Trashing the Planet: How Science can Help Us deal with Acid Rain, Depletion of the Ozone, and Nuclear Waste (Among Other Things) (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1990), 14.**
[5]** Joel A. Tarr, “The Horse—Polluter of the City,” The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective (Akron, OK: University of Akron Press, 1996), 323–324. [6]Tarr, The Search for the Ultimate Sink, 325.
[7] Tarr, The Search for the Ultimate Sink, 326. [8] Mary MacDonald, “3 Cobb school buses try soy diet to trim pollution,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution (December 31, 2002), B1.**
[9]** Byron Spice, “Clean liquid fuel from coal possible, but it’ll cost,” Pittsburgh Post Gazette (December 23, 2002).